In the previous chapter, we saw the introduction of the Royal families., Now we will see the Wedding of Sita and her sisters.
Janaka and Dasharatha were only too pleased to agree. Janaka who was also well versed in the sciences of Astronomy and Astrology said that let the wedding of the four princes and four princesses take place on the same day. Janaka said that it would be very appropriate to celebrate the marriage in the month of 'Phalguna' (February-March) on the day under the star Uthram whose ruling deity was 'Bhaga' which he said was the most auspicious. He asked Dasharatha to start the preliminary formalities, such as Go-danam and Naandi. Dasharatha was very pleased and said that Janaka and his brother were kings of Mithila and who have been taking good care of the Rishis and other kings. He said that he would start all the preliminary ceremonies the next day itself.
Janaka mentions "Go-danam (offering gifts of cows to Brahmins) and Naandi (in Sanskrit Naandi in general means the preliminary function done before any ceremony) which is a ceremony done for the departed souls of the ancestors. Even now these two ceremonies are performed in Hindu Brahmin marriages or for that matter even for conducting Upanayanam. How wonderful it is to think that we continue to observe certain customs and manners since time immemorial in an uninterrupted fashion! This is one of the beautiful aspects of our country.
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It might be added here that Janaka too was a great raja rishi and had mastered The Vedas and Shastras. It is said that Janaka ruled his kingdom without attaching any importance to the end result in other words he did his duties as a perfect Karma Yogi.
The next day before sunrise Dasharatha performed the ceremonies and gave away to the learned Brahmins four lakhs (400000) healthy cows with their horns adorned by gold caps. Dhasharatha after finishing these preliminary ceremonies and in the presence of his four sons shone like the four-faced Lord Brahma.
At that time Yudhajit the son of the king of Kekaya and Bharata's uncle arrived. He said that he had been to Ayodhya and from there reached Mithila having learned about the wedding.
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Valmiki describes the religious aspects such as the preparations for the Yajnya and the description of all the things needed for the ceremony. The place where the wedding was to be performed is described as follows. In the center was the fire altar surrounded on all four sides with "palikas" which are the vessels containing sprouted grains (even now in our marriages we have these vessels made of clay which contain nine varieties of grains or pulses and ladies are asked to sprinkle water on them. The sprouts come up a day or so later and these are then emptied into a tank or a well), vessels containing incenses, conches containing water, ladles of gold and wood for performing the Homam that is to pour the ghee into the fire, vessels filled with puffed rice (Pori), sacred Akshadai (yellow rice) vessels and so on. Vashishtha conducted the ceremony.
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Sita was dressed in lovely yellow colored silk with designs of swans and wore a red shawl to cover. She was slender and very pretty with her dark black curly hair. King Janaka brought her and said to Rama "Sita is my daughter. She will accompany you in all your life and follow your Dharma (Sahadharmini). Accept her and may all prosperity be yours. Hold her hands with yours. She will follow you like your shadow". Then water was poured with mantras. After this Janaka called Lakshmana and asked him to accept his daughter Urmila and hold her hands. In the same way, he gave Mandavi to Bharata and Shrutakeerti to Shatrughna. Then after taking blessings from Vashishtha the four princes took the hands of the four brides. Then they did (Pradakshina) going around the fire, the Brahmins, rishis, and kings. They performed all the ceremonies as dictated by Kalpasutra and according to Shastras. The ceremony was thus over to the great rejoicing of all the Devas also who showered flowers and played celestial music. The Apsaras ladies danced and the Gandharvas sang melodiously. The princes went round the fire thrice and took the hands of their brides. They all then happily went into the city. Dasharatha surrounded by the Rishis and relatives followed happily looking at his sons.
It is of interest to note that there was no ceremony other than just the bridegroom taking the hands of his bride. This is called "Panigrahanam". We still use this word but due probably to some social practices which were evolved for a long time, we have another additional and important ceremony called "Mangalya Dharanam" where the bridegroom also ties the Mangala sutra or 'Tali' string around the neck of the bride. The bride gets one additional sacred thread (poonal). Valmiki says that once they took the hands of their brides they did pradakshina (going round in a clockwise direction) of the sacred fire, the kings and the rishis.
They also did rites according to Shastras. There is no specific mention of Saptapadi (the couple taking seven steps around the fire which today is considered the most important function in the marriage ceremony).
In the next chapter, We'll see Parashurama's challenge and what Rama did.
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