Building Ram Setu - Chapter 03

In the previous chapter, we saw Vibheeshana surrender to Rama. , Now we'll see Building Ram Setu.



Rama asked Vibheeshana for some suggestions for crossing the sea. He replied that Rama should worship Sea God for help. He also said that one of Rama’s ancestors had dug the earth to make the sea deeper so Rama would be helped. Rama started at once to do the penance to the Sea God.

Again we hear about an engineering feat. Let us recall that Bhageeratha who was a descendant of Sagara brought Ganga to the earth. And now we learn that Sagara himself had performed a feat of dredging the sea.

Rama stretched himself on a bed of Kusha grass using his right hand as the pillow. This is an interesting detail given by Valmiki. Using the right or the left hand as a pillow and stretching on the floor is a common practice even now in Tamil Nadu and perhaps in the whole of India. We often do it even if there is a pillow available. Valmiki gives a beautiful description of Rama’s right hand. The poet says when Rama was in Ayodhya his right hand was smeared with sandal paste and wore gold ornaments. Sita rested her head on the hand which resembled the snake Takshaka and bore marks from the bowstring and which had encountered numerous enemies and which gave charity and so on.

Rama did the ‘Prayopavesha’ that is taking a vow. Rama laid himself on a bed of grass and fasted for three nights appealing to Sea God to come and help him. As nothing happened Rama got angry and he thought that the Sea God was arrogant and ungrateful. He addressed Lakshmana and said ‘The Sea God is arrogant. Some evil persons mistake the virtuous persons who are soft and without anger to be cowards. Get my bow and I will teach him a lesson and dry up the ocean’. So saying Rama sent an astra into the ocean. The whole world trembled and the sea started to boil. Huge waves rose up in the skies, which were as high as mountains. The great serpents living there all came out hurt. The crocodiles were thrown out. Lakshmana requested Rama to calm down. But Rama was not to be appeased and he decided to send the Brahmadanda astra and drew the string of his mighty bow. Lakshmana asked his brother not to send the astra. But at that point the Sea God rose from the sea. He was wearing pearls and the diamond Kaustubha, the twin of which is worn by Narayana. He begged Rama to be calm and not send the astra. He explained that all the five elements have their Dharma (nature). He said that the fire burnt, the earth was solid and stable, the wind had motion and the water had a depth. The sea had a depth and was impassable which its Dharma was. He said he could not go against it. But he said he could let them cross without any danger from the many creatures that live there. He also suggested that the Vanara Nala who was a great architect (he was the son of Vishwakarma who was the architect of the Devas) could build a bridge and it would not be disturbed by the sea. Then Rama was pleased and he said as he could not withdraw the Brahmadanda Astra once launched so he asked Sea God to show a target for him. The sea God indicated a place where some evil men were living and doing havoc. Rama sent his astra there. It fell there with a terrible noise making a great hole in the earth and from where the water from the netherworld (Patala) sprung up. This was sweet water. This place was called Vranakupa meaning wounded well. Then Nala told Rama that he was indeed capable of building the bridge as he had learnt it from his father and he awaited Rama’s order to proceed. Rama gave his orders and Nala started the work. All the Vanara Chiefs brought a variety of huge trees from the forest. Those were Sala, Ashvakarna, Dhava, Bamboo, Kutaja, Palmyrah, Coconut trees, Karnika trees with flowers, Mango trees, Ashoka and so on. Some brought big boulders. Nala with expert technique constructed the bridge with all these materials. It is interesting to note that the Vanaras held a chord (similar to present day technique) for the alignment of the structure! Valmiki describes the stages of the construction. In the first day they completed14 Yojanas, in the second day 20 Yojanas, in the third day 21 Yojana, in the fourth day 22 Yojanas and the bridge was completed on the fifth day. It measured 100 Yojanas long (about 1300 km (?) and 10 Yojanas wide to allow the huge army to cross the ocean. The colossal bridge was beautiful, well built and strong and looked like a parting line in the ocean. Even the celestials looked in wonder.

Valmiki describes the bridge beautifully and says that it was a marvellous one and it was shining like the path of the star Swati in the sky (Swati patha iva). Swati is a very important star and the day of Lord Narasimha  Avatara is said to be under this star.

But as regards the dimensions of the bridge they are somewhat mind-boggling and look like an exaggeration. If this bridge was built between the present Rameshwaram and Lanka then the distance ought to be very much smaller than mentioned here.

The Vanara army marched on happily, some by the bridge and some of them jumped into the sea and swam. Rama and Lakshmana upon Sugreeva’s request rode on the shoulders of Hanuman and Angada respectively. When Rama reached the opposite shore the Celestials bathed him in holy waters and blessed him to succeed in his mission and rule the world for a long.

 Rama told Lakshmana that after the omens he could see he predicted that there was going to be a terrible war He asked the army to proceed and take a formation called ‘Garuda Vyuha’. He said that they should approach Lanka soon. The army was lead by Rama and Lakshmana along with Vibheeshana, Sugreeva and other Vanara chiefs and they all marched with great jubilance and they came to a full view of the city of Lanka. They were sure to vanquish their enemy. Rama suddenly thought of Sita who was there among the rakshasas as a prisoner and he felt very unhappy for a moment but shed that feeling at once. The loud noise from the drums was heard from the city. Rama and Lakshmana wondered at the magnificent city built by Viswakarma on the hill Trikoota. It may be recalled that it once belonged to Kubera and Ravana captured it by defeating his brother.

In the strategic formation (Garuda Vyuha) Rama and Lakshmana were in the front, Angada and Neela and their army were placed at its breast, Gandhmadana and his army at the left side, Rishabha and his army at the right. Jambavan, Susena, Vegadarsi and their armies of bears were in the middle and Sugreeva at the tail.

Ravana was intrigued by the advancement of Rama and his army. So he asked his ministers Sarana and Sukha to spy on Rama’s army and find out its strength, how they built the bridge and what sort of weapons they carried and so on. They assumed the form of Vanaras and entered Rama’s camp and started spying around. But Vibheeshana recognised them and brought them to Rama and asked him to order killing for those dangerous spies. But Rama was magnanimous and said that he did not want to kill them as they were not armed and besides they surrendered unto him. This was Rama’s greatest dharma. He would go to any extent to protect those who surrendered to him.

Rama asked Vibheeshana to release them and also asked him to show the spies their army. Rama asked the spies to carry his message to Ravana and said “You carried my wife with what bravery. Now show that to us along with your relatives and army. You will see your city gates and walls razed to the ground and I will send my powerful arrows on you like Indra did on Danavas. Ravana be prepare tomorrow”. The spies praised Rama and left quickly.

They went to Ravana and told him what had happened. They said it was Vibheeshana who caught them. They also told Ravana about the mighty and invincible army with Rama and Lakshmana, Sugreeva and Vibheeshana as chiefs. They said that Rama alone could destroy Lanka. They also spoke about the mighty bridge that had been built. Finally they requested Ravana to give up Sita.

Ravana who was proud accused them to be cowards. He wanted to see for himself the army of Vanaras so he went up to the terrace of his palace and surveyed the army. Sarana pointed to him the various chiefs of the army including Neela, Angada, Sugreeva, Hanuman and others. He also explained the great valour of each of them and of what they were capable. There were crores (one crore is ten millions) of Vanaras in all. He showed to Ravana Nala who had built the bridge across the sea. Sarana also told Ravana that the Vanaras could assume any form they liked. He also showed to Ravana Dhoomra who was the lord of bears from Rukshavanta Mountain on the banks of the river Narmada. He also pointed out Jambavan who was a mighty warrior and who had helped Indra in the battle of Devas and Asuras.

Then Sukha told Ravana about lotus eyed Rama. He said that he was the great scion of Ikshvaku dynasty. He said he was a great archer and knows Brahmastra and other Astras (missiles). He pointed out Lakshmana who was well versed in all Shastras, was invincible and fiery.

Ravana was shaken but he was furious against his ministers who praised in such terms the enemy army. He called them foolish but said he excused them for their past services. Ravana then sent other spies but they too were exposed by Vibheeshana and were beaten up. Rama excused them and let them go. So Ravana could not get any useful information about the movements of the Vanara army. But Ravana learnt that Rama was camping at a mountain called Suveladri.

Ravana thought of a wicked plan. He called his great magician Vidhyujihva and asked him to make a head resembling that of Rama and the great bow of Rama and asked him to bring those to Sita who was in the Ashoka Vana. His plan was to show that to Sita and to make her believe that Rama was no more. Ravana then went to see Sita who was sitting there crying her sad plight. He told her that she was not caring for his affection but then Rama had been killed. He told Sita that it was foolish of her to think of someone who was no more. He told her that his chief of army Prahasta attacked the Vanara army in the night when it was sleeping. So Sugreeva, Jambavan, Hanuman and many others were killed. Then Prahasta cut off the heads of Rama and Lakshmana and there was a great loss of many Vanaras. So saying, he threw Rama’s imitation bow in front of Sita.

Sita saw her beloved’s head soaked in blood and covered with dust and it had also the crest jewel “Choodamani” on its head. She was in great grief and cried saying that Kaikeyi’s cruel plans had cost Rama’s life and the whole Ikshvaku line was destroyed. She asked herself how Rama could die without releasing her from Ravana. She was in great agony and cried how Rama could be caught unawares like that. Sita asked how Rama could abandon her and embrace the earth. It was a pathetic sight to see Sita totally shaken. Sita cursed herself for having married Rama, which had caused him his premature death. She said that she must have been a great sinner in her past life. Sita said that she would follow her husband and die.

At that time one of the Rakshasa guards came there to announce that Ravana was needed urgently by his ministers. So Ravana left that place at once. Once he was gone the magic head and the bow all disappeared as the power of black magic was over.

Sarama who was Vibheeshana’s wife was a kind person and she had been ordered by Ravana to look after Sita. Sarama became a good friend of Sita and she consoled Sita by explaining to her that Ravana actually played a trick on her. She said that Rama who is in the know of everything was invincible and so also the Vanaras who were protected by Rama. She said it was just black magic to deceive Sita. She assured Sita that she herself saw that Rama and his army had crossed the sea and were near the city gates. At that time they also heard the drums and trumpets sounded by the army of Vanaras. Sarama then offered to go and meet Rama for Sita’s sake. But Sita told her with tearful eyes that it would suffice if she could only tell her what the wicked Ravana was planning.

Sarama did so and came back to tell Sita that both Ravana’s mother Kaikasi and old Minister Aviddha advised Ravana to return Sita to Rama considering how Rama killed single handed all the rakshasas in Janasthanam and also the great havoc made by Hanuman in Lanka when he had set fire to it. She said that Ravana was adamant and did not want to leave Sita. Sarama then assured Sita that Rama would surely kill all the rakshasas and also Ravana and take her back to Ayodhya. Then they heard the loud noise made by the Vanara army which shook the earth.

Ravana and his ministers realised that Rama was ready to strike. Nevertheless Ravana accused all his ministers who were also brave not to act like cowards. At that time Ravana’s maternal grandfather Malyavan who was well versed in 14 sciences (4 Vedas, 6 Vedangas, Purana, Mimamsa, Nyaya and Dharma) spoke to Ravana and tried to reason him. He said “Ravana a king who knows well the state craft should make peace with another king who is more powerful. You are doing something unrighteous and Rama who follows Dharma is sure to see victory. You have got boons by virtue of which you cannot be killed by Devas, Danavas and other celestials. But you have no protection from powerful men, monkeys and bears. We are seeing ill omens in Lanka. The birds are wailing. One sees a dark person with shaven head and with a fearful face appears at the door of every house at the dawn and at dusk. The safety of Lanka is in your hands”. But Ravana paid no heed to his words.

But Ravana abused him and defended his position. He said that all of them were rather unkind towards him even though he was their king. He said that Rama was a lonely person abandoned by his father and sent to the forest. Ravana asked them how they could treat Rama superior to him. Ravana said that it was not in his nature to submit to any one so he would rather die than give back Sita.

Malyavan was so shocked that he just blessed Ravana and left the court. Ravana organised the defence of Lanka. He placed Prahasta at the eastern Gate, Mahodara and Mahaparshva at the southern Gate, Suka and Sarana at the Northern Gate. He and Viroopaksha decided to be in the city. He felt safe and retired to his Palace.

Rama was having consultations with Vanara chiefs. Some Vanaras went as birds and saw the preparations made by Ravana and informed Rama. Vibheeshana explained the strength of each of the Rakshasa chiefs. Vibheeshana also told Rama that Ravana’s army was very loyal to him and it was a mighty one. Rama designated Neela to oppose Prahasta, Angada to the South Gate and Hanuman to the West Gate to oppose Indrajit. Rama asked Vibheeshana, Sugreeva and Jambavan to be in charge of the Vanaras at the North and West Gates. Rama ordered all the Vanaras to return to their original form because they had assumed the form of men like the rakshasas in order to mingle with them and spy on them. Rama along with Lakshmana decided to face Ravana. Then the beauty of the Mount Suvela attracted Rama and he wanted to go up and spend the night there.

Rama told Vibheeshana that he wanted to see Lanka of Ravana who had invited death by carrying away Sita. Rama felt sad that just for the misdeeds of one person Ravana, the whole tribe was going to be wiped off. Rama spent the night on the top of Suvela with the full moon shining in the sky. Lanka city appeared as though it was suspended in the sky. Valmiki’s description of Lanka shows that it must have been a very beautiful city. No doubt it was so because it had belonged to Kubera who is the God of wealth.

When the day broke Rama saw Lanka with its sky-high palaces and gardens and was struck with wonder. It resembled Indra’s city Amaravati. Rama also saw Ravana standing on the top of a great tower. He was dark in colour and was dressed in his red royal dress that was like a great red cloud during sunset. Sugreeva was so enraged in seeing Ravana that he suddenly flew to him and having announced that he was Sugreeva and the servant of Great Rama started fighting with him. He knocked off a crown from one of Ravana’s ten heads. Ravana too attacked Sugreeva saying that he was going to kill him. They fought like two tigers or lions or elephants. Valmiki gives detailed technical description of the duel they fought describing the blows and counter blows etc. Ravana was exhausted and took recourse to illusion warfare. Sugreeva realised this and just flew back to join Rama.

The Vanaras greeted this encounter of Sugreeva. Rama saw Sugreeva with his wounds and embraced him. While Rama admired him for his valour he also gently chided him for having taken such a grave risk. Rama said that all of them were so upset on seeing Sugreeva undertaking the most dangerous adventure. Rama said if he were to be killed by Ravana then he would have not cared to live after vanquishing all the rakshasas and getting back Sita because he had so much affection for Sugreeva. Rama said that he knew that Sugreeva was a great hero but still he said Ravana was a mighty warrior. Sugreeva with great emotion and humility replied “Oh Rama when I saw that wicked Rakshasa who stole Devi Sita I was boiling with anger so how could I act otherwise”.

Rama too was so furious that he ordered the assault on Lanka. The Vanara army attacked the walls of the city; Ravana too replied with equal force. The place was filled with war cries, blowing of the trumpets, beating of the drums and so on. The Vanaras smashed the city walls with huge rocks. Many Vanaras were killed by the rakshasas as they tried to jump over the wall.

The Vanara chiefs fought with their counterparts of the Ravana’s army. Lakshmana fought with Viroopaksha and Rama with Agniketu, Rashmiketu and Suptaghnu. The field was covered with a river of blood. The battlefield presented a horrible picture. The Vanaras dominated and several Rakshasa chiefs were killed. The battle continued into the night and due to darkness the Vanaras started attacking Vanaras and the rakshasas did likewise. There was so much loss of lives that they feared the day would never dawn for them. Angada killed Indrajit’s charioteer to the acclaim of all and Indrajit became furious and just disappeared having lost his driver. Rama cautioned everyone to be careful and vigilant against any attacks by Indrajit. Indrajit remained invisible and sent Nagastra (serpent missile) and bound Rama and Lakshmana who lost their senses.

Rama directed ten mighty chiefs, such as, Jambavan, Angada and others to search for Indrajit. They flew into the skies and searched for him but they were obstructed by Brahmastra sent by him against them and they became powerless. Then Indrajit said in a loud voice that even Lord Indra could not find him. By the power of Brahmastra Rama fell down followed by Lakshmana. Hanuman and other Vanaras were drowned in great grief. If Indrajit had not used his illusion war fare he could not have done this to Rama. Rama was not expecting such a thing from Indrajit.

Sugreeva and Vibheeshana came there and saw Rama fully covered with the arrows of Indrajit. They all broke down upon seeing Rama and Lakshmana lying on the ground without any conscience. Vibheeshana could see Indrajit because of his magical powers. Indrajit proudly said aloud that he killed Rama and Lakshmana who were supposed to be great heroes and who had killed Khara and Dooshana. He said that his father could now sleep peacefully. Then he showered arrows on the Vanaras wounding Hanuman, Jambavan and others. Thinking that he had really killed the princes, Indrajit went back to the city to meet his father. Sugreeva broke down but Vibheeshana consoled them all by saying that the Rama and Lakshmana had only swooned and would recover shortly. He encouraged all the Vanaras and told them to protect the princes till they recovered.

Indrajit went to Ravana and told him that he had killed the Rama and Lakshmana. Ravana was overjoyed and hugged his son. He also ordered that Sita be taken in Pushpakavimana to the battle field so that she could see for herself that both Rama and Lakshmana were dead. He also ordered celebrations for their victory. Accord- ingly the rakshasis took Sita to the battle field. Trijata who was friendly with Sita accompanied her. Sita from the Vimana saw the princes lying on the ground like dead persons. Sita broke down and wept loudly. She lamented that contrary to the astrological and other predictions she had become a widow. She said how this could happen because Rama and Lakshmana were great warriors and were invincible. Sita said that she felt sorry more for her mother- in-law. Then Trijata consoled Sita and said “Devi do not weep for the princes because they are not dead. Look at the Vanaras their face does not show any trace of sadness but only anger. Besides Pushpaka Vimana would not have accepted you if you were to be a widow. You can see that Rama and Lakshmana are being guarded because they are alive”. Then they returned to Ashoka Vana.

Rama regained consciousness by his own strong will (he was Lord Vishnu incarnate) and saw Lakshmana lying on the ground. Rama was so sad that he wept and said “After seeing my brother in this state I have nothing to gain with delivering Sita. I can get another women like Sita but can I get a brother like Lakshmana. How could I return to Ayodhya and answer Sumitra. Oh Lakshmana it is because of me you came to the forest and met with death. You were a great solace and support for me but now you are not there to help me”. Rama asked Sugreeva to return to his palace and he thanked all the Vanaras for their bravery and requested them to go back to Kishkindha. Hearing these words spoken by Rama all the Vanaras shed tears.

Vibheeshana came and was in great sorrow to see Rama and Lakshmana all covered with arrows. He did not approve of the illusory warfare of Rakshasas against Rama’s army who on the contrary stuck to Dharma war following certain codes of conduct. He also cried saying that he would no longer get the kingdom if Rama were to be killed. This is not befitting Vibheeshana to think only of himself at that time of despair. Valmiki brings out the true nature of people. He does not try to hide such behaviour on the part of Great Vibheeshana.

Sugreeva consoled Vibheeshana saying that Rama had only swooned after seeing Lakshmana unconscious. Then he ordered that the princes be taken away to safety to Kishkindha and he would go and kill Ravana and restore Sita Devi to Rama. Sugreeva’s uncle Susena suggested that Hanuman be sent to get some Life saving plants, such as, Sanjeevakarini and Visalyakarani, which he said, were of divine origin.

At that time a great tempest rose and all the serpents in the sea started disappearing to the bottom of the sea, the reason being the great Garuda appeared in the sky. Let us recall that Garuda is the vehicle of Vishnu. Garuda is known to be the greatest enemy of all serpents and they dreaded him. So much so even the serpent mis- sile (Nagastra) of Indrajit also lost its spell on Rama, Lakshmana and all the Vanara army and they all got up with their wounds healed. Rama thanked Garuda for his great help and for having resorted their health and splendour and also having blessed them with greater strength than they had before. Garuda said “Sir all the serpents from the missile are from first generation of serpents born to the mother Kadruva which are very poisonous. The rakshasas are very wicked and crooked persons and you should be very vigi- lant”. He then blessed Rama with all the success in vanquishing Ravana and his rakshasas and left. There rose a great uproar from the Vanara army which resounded everywhere.

The Rakshasas and Ravana heard these cries of triumph and were totally surprised. Ravana sent some rakshasas to find out what was happening. They climbed over the wall and saw that Rama and Lakshmana were liberated from Indrajit’s astra and the Vanara army was ready for battle. They reported this to Ravana who could not believe that Indrajit’s missile had no effect because the Nagastra was a boon given to Indrajit by the serpent king Vasuki. He ordered one of his best chiefs Doomraksha, to take a huge army and kill Rama and his army.

A fierce battle took place and thousands died on either side but finally the Vanaras dominated. Hanuman hurled a huge rock on Doomraksha’s chariot and smashed it along with the charioteer. Doomraksha jumped with his mace and came to attack Hanuman who killed him with a rock. The Rakshasas retreated in panic and the Vanaras praised Hanuman for his deed.

When Ravana came to know of the death of Doomraksha he was dejected and became furious. He then ordered the mighty warrior Vajradamshtra to go and destroy the princes and their army and they rode immediately in his golden chariot to face Rama. He was followed by four types of rakshasa army, those riding in chariots, those on horses and elephants and others on foot. There were ill omens but he did not mind them and got out through the South Gate. He caused great damage to the Vanaras until Angada came to attack him. They fought like lions. Finally Angada severed his head with his sword. The rakshasa army fled into Lanka city and the Vanaras praised Angada.

Ravana came to know of the fate of Vajradamshtra and sent the great hero Akampana (literally meaning unshakable) with a huge army. He led them through the West Gate. Again he saw several ill omens but did not mind them.

They fought a fearful battle. There was so much dust and the visibility so poor that at times they fought with their own men. The field was covered with blood mixed with dust and was littered with corps. The Vanara chiefs Kumuda, Nala, Mainda and Dvividha fought fiercely causing damage to the rakshasas and were counter attacked by Akampana. They were unable to face him. At that time Hanuman uprooted a huge tree and hurled it on Akampana. But he cut it with his arrows. Hanuman then smashed the rakshasas, the chariots and elephants with a tree. Akampana was enraged and he shot fourteen powerful arrows at Hanuman that wounded him causing him to bleed profusely. He looked like a big tree with red flowers or smokeless fire, a simile often used by Valmiki. Hanuman plucked another tree and smashed it on Akampana’s head, which put an end to his life. The Rakshasa army took to their heels. Hanuman was praised by Vibheeshana, Sugreeva and others but he remained calm and humble.

The death of Akampana came as a great shock to Ravana. He held consultations with his ministers and called Prahasta and told him that he was a great expert in warfare and the need had come for such heroes. Ravana said, “Lanka could be saved only by me or by heroes such as Kumbhakarna, Indrajit, Nikumbha and you. Go with your army and the Vanaras would be frightened away by your powerful voice and the princes who are attacking us could be killed. Tell me your opinion frankly”. Ravana cleverly puts the blame on Rama for having come and waging a war with Lanka.

Prahasta had earlier advised against going to war with Rama but now he said that he was ever grateful to Ravana for all that he did to him and he would surely go and fight for Ravana’s sake. He said that he was prepared even to give up his life for Ravana’s sake. He then offered prayers to Fire God Agni, bowed to Ravana and left with a huge army. Prahasta rode his excellent chariot made of gold drawn by horses and his flag carried the figure of a serpent. They blew the trumpets and made a loud noise. His four great ministers, Narantaka, Kumbhahanu, Mahananda and Samunnata also followed him. A vulture came and perched on his flag which was an ill omen and Prahasta was a bit perturbed. But they all charged forward.

Rama was quite impressed by looking at Prahasta who was coming out of the East Gate and he asked Vibheeshana who he was. Vibheeshana told Rama that it was Prahasta who knew all astras and was the chief of a great army. The Rakshasas attacked the Vanaras using arrows, maces, swords, axes etc., and the Vanaras used trees, huge boulders and so on. There was bloodshed. Vanara chiefs killed the four ministers. Enraged by this loss Prahasta showered arrows on Vanaras and killed many of them. Blood was flowing like a river. It was Neela who came to attack Prahasta. While Prahasta used his strong mace to hit Neela, he used huge rocks and trees to defend himself. Though he was wounded badly Neela finally killed Prahasta by hitting him on the head with a huge boulder and he fell down with blood gushing from his head. His army in panic and fear retreated into the city.

Ravana was in great grief at the loss of Prahasta. Slowly the reality dawned on him and he realised that the Vanaras were not mere monkeys because they could kill the mighty warrior Prahasta. He decided to go to the battlefield and burn the princes with his fiery arrows. He then mounted his beautiful and mighty chariot drawn by powerful horses and rode through the North Gate amidst his huge army and army commanders.

In the next chapter, We'll see Ravana’s defeat at the hands of Rama.

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